The following functions have been created to help with our test suite. They are also useful for users testing QuestDB on specific workloads in order to quickly generate large test datasets that mimic the structure of their actual data.

Values can be generated either:

• Pseudo randomly
• Deterministically when specifying a seed

QuestDB supports the following random generation functions:

• rnd_boolean
• rnd_byte
• rnd_short
• rnd_int
• rnd_long
• rnd_long256
• rnd_float
• rnd_double
• rnd_date
• rnd_timestamp
• rnd_char
• rnd_symbol
• rnd_str
• rnd_bin

Usage

Random functions should be used for populating test tables only. They do not hold values in memory and calculations should not be performed at the same time as the random numbers are generated.

For example, running SELECT round(a,2), a FROM (SELECT rnd_double() a FROM long_sequence(10)); is bad practice and will return inconsistent results.

A better approach would be to populate a table and then run the query. So for example

1. create - CREATE TABLE test(val double);
2. populate - INSERT INTO test SELECT * FROM (SELECT rnd_double() FROM long_sequence(10));
3. query - SELECT round(val,2) FROM test;

Generating sequences

This page describes the functions to generate values. To generate sequences of values, please refer the page about row generators.

rnd_boolean

rnd_boolean() - generates a random boolean value, either true or false, both having equal probability.

Return value:

Return value type is boolean.

Examples:

1. SELECT
2. value a,
3. count() b
4. FROM (SELECT rnd_boolean() value FROM long_sequence(100));

rnd_byte

• rnd_byte() - returns a random integer which can take any value between 0 and 127.
• rnd_byte(min, max) - generates byte values in a specific range (for example only positive, or between 1 and 10).

Arguments:

• min: is a byte representing the lowest possible generated value (inclusive).
• max: is a byte representing the highest possible generated value (inclusive).

Return value:

Return value type is byte.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_byte() FROM long_sequence(5);
2. SELECT rnd_byte(-1,1) FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 122,34,17,83,24
2. 0,1,-1,-1,0

rnd_short

• rnd_short() - returns a random integer which can take any value between -32768 and 32767.
• rnd_short(min, max) - returns short values in a specific range (for example only positive, or between 1 and 10). Supplying min above max will result in an invalid range error.

Arguments:

• min: is a short representing the lowest possible generated value (inclusive).
• max: is a short representing the highest possible generated value (inclusive).

Return value:

Return value type is short.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_short() FROM long_sequence(5);
2. SELECT rnd_short(-1,1) FROM long_sequence(5);

1. -27434,234,-12977,8843,24
2. 0,1,-1,-1,0

rnd_int

• rnd_int() is used to return a random integer which can take any value between -2147483648 and 2147483647.
• rnd_int(min, max, nanRate) is used to generate int values in a specific range (for example only positive, or between 1 and 10), or to get occasional NaN values along with int values.

Arguments:

• min: is an int representing the lowest possible generated value (inclusive).
• max: is an int representing the highest possible generated value (inclusive).
• nanRate is an int defining the frequency of occurrence of NaN values:
• 0: No NaN will be returned.
• 1: Will only return NaN.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be NaN.

Return value:

Return value type is int.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_int() FROM long_sequence(5)
2. SELECT rnd_int(1,4,0) FROM long_sequence(5);
3. SELECT rnd_int(1,4,1) FROM long_sequence(5);
4. SELECT rnd_int(1,4,2) FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 1822685476, 1173192835, -2808202361, 78121757821, 44934191
2. 1,4,3,1,2
3. null,null,null,null,null
4. 1,null,4,null,2

rnd_long

• rnd_long() is used to return a random signed integer between 0x8000000000000000L and 0x7fffffffffffffffL.
• rnd_long(min, max, nanRate) is used to generate long values in a specific range (for example only positive, or between 1 and 10), or to get occasional NaN values along with int values.

Arguments:

• min: is a long representing the lowest possible generated value (inclusive).
• max: is a long representing the highest possible generated value (inclusive).
• nanRate is an int defining the frequency of occurrence of NaN values:
• 0: No NaN will be returned.
• 1: Will only return NaN.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be NaN.

Return value:

Return value type is long.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_long() FROM long_sequence(5);
2. SELECT rnd_long(1,4,0) FROM long_sequence(5);
3. SELECT rnd_long(1,4,1) FROM long_sequence(5);
4. SELECT rnd_long(-10000000,10000000,2) FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 1,4,3,1,2
2. null,null,null,null,null
3. -164567594, -323331140, 26846334, -892982893, -351053301
4. 300291810703592700, 2787990010234796000, 4305203476273459700, -8518907563589124000, 8443756723558216000

rnd_long256

• rnd_long256() - generates a random long256 value between 0 and 2^256.

Arguments:

• min: is a long256 representing the lowest possible generated value (inclusive).
• max: is a long256 representing the highest possible generated value (inclusive).
• nanRate is an int defining the frequency of occurrence of NaN values:
• 0: No NaN will be returned.
• 1: Will only return NaN.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be NaN.

Return value:

Return value type is long256.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_long256() FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 0x5dd94b8492b4be20632d0236ddb8f47c91efc2568b4d452847b4a645dbe4871a,
2. 0x55f256188b3474aca83ccc82c597668bb84f36d3f5b25afd9e194c1867625918,
3. 0x630c6f02c1c2e0c2aa4ac80ab684aa36d91dd5233cc185bb7097400fa12e7de0,
4. 0xa9eeaa5268f911f4bcac2e89b621bd28bba90582077fc9fb9f14a53fcf6368b7,
5. 0x7c80546eea2ec093a5244e39efad3f39c5489d2337007fd0b61d8b141058724d

rnd_float

• rnd_float() - generates a random positive float between 0 and 1.
• rnd_float(nanRate) - generates a random positive float between 0 and 1 which will be NaN at a frequency defined by nanRate.

Arguments:

• nanRate is an int defining the frequency of occurrence of NaN values:
• 0: No NaN will be returned.
• 1: Will only return NaN.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be NaN.

Return value:

Return value type is float.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_float() FROM long_sequence(5);
2. SELECT rnd_float(2) FROM long_sequence(6);

1. 0.3821478, 0.5162148, 0.22929084, 0.03736937, 0.39675003
2. 0.08108246, 0.7082644, null, 0.6784522, null, 0.5711276

rnd_double

• rnd_double() - generates a random positive double between 0 and 1.
• rnd_double(nanRate) - generates a random positive double between 0 and 1 which will be NaN at a frequency defined by nanRate.

Arguments:

• nanRate is an int defining the frequency of occurrence of NaN values:
• 0: No NaN will be returned.
• 1: Will only return NaN.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be NaN.

Return value:

Return value type is double.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_double() FROM long_sequence(5);
2. SELECT rnd_double(2) FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 0.99115364871, 0.31011470271, 0.10776479191, 0.53938281731, 0.89820403511
2. 0.99115364871, null, null, 0.53938281731, 0.89820403511

rnd_date()

• rnd_date() generates a random date between start and end dates (both inclusive). IT will also generate NaN values at a frequency defined by nanRate. When start or end are invalid dates, or when start is superior to end, it will return invalid range error. When nanRate is inferior to 0, it will return invalid NAN rate error.

Arguments:

• start is a date defining the minimum possible generated date (inclusive)
• end is a date defining the maximum possible generated date (inclusive)
• nanRate defines the frequency of occurrence of NaN values:
• 0: No NaN will be returned.
• 1: Will only return NaN.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be NaN.

Return value:

Return value type is date.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_date(
2. to_date('2015', 'yyyy'),
3. to_date('2016', 'yyyy'),
4. 0)
5. FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 2015-01-29T18:00:17.402Z, 2015-11-15T20:22:14.112Z,
2. 2015-12-08T09:26:04.483Z, 2015-05-28T02:22:47.022Z,
3. 2015-10-13T19:16:37.034Z

rnd_timestamp()

• rnd_timestamp(start, end, nanRate) generates a random timestamp between start and end timestamps (both inclusive). It will also generate NaN values at a frequency defined by nanRate. When start or end are invalid timestamps, or when start is superior to end, it will return invalid range error. When nanRate is inferior to 0, it will return invalid NAN rate error.

Arguments:

• start is a timestamp defining the minimum possible generated timestamp (inclusive)
• end is a timestamp defining the maximum possible generated timestamp (inclusive)
• nanRate defines the frequency of occurrence of NaN values:
• 0: No NaN will be returned.
• 1: Will only return NaN.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be NaN.

Return value:

Return value type is timestamp.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_timestamp(
2. to_timestamp('2015', 'yyyy'),
3. to_timestamp('2016', 'yyyy'),
4. 0)
5. FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 2015-01-29T18:00:17.402762Z, 2015-11-15T20:22:14.112744Z,
2. 2015-12-08T09:26:04.483039Z, 2015-05-28T02:22:47.022680Z,
3. 2015-10-13T19:16:37.034203Z

Sequences

To generate increasing timestamps, please refer the page about row generators.

rnd_char

• rnd_char() is used to generate a random char which will be an uppercase character from the 26-letter A to Z alphabet. Letters from A to Z will be generated with equal probability.

Return value:

Return value type is char.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_char() FROM long_sequence(5);

1. G, P, E, W, K

rnd_symbol

• rnd_symbol(symbolList) is used to choose a random symbol from a list defined by the user. It is useful when looking to generate specific symbols from a finite list (e.g BUY, SELL or AUTUMN, WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER. Symbols are randomly chosen from the list with equal probability. When only one symbol is provided in the list, this symbol will be chosen with 100% probability, in which case it is more efficient to use cast('your_symbol' as symbol
• rnd_symbol(count, minLength, maxLength, null) generated a finite list of distinct random symbols and chooses one symbol from the list at random. The finite list is of size list_size. The generated symbols length is between minLength and maxLength (both inclusive). The function will also generate null values at a a rate defined by nullRate.

Arguments:

• symbolList is a variable-length list of possible symbol values expressed as a comma-separated list of strings. For example, 'a', 'bcd', 'efg123', '行'
• list_size is the number of distinct symbol values to generated
• minLength is an int defining the minimum length for of a generated symbol (inclusive)
• maxLength is an int defining the maximum length for of a generated symbol (inclusive)
• nullRate is an int defining the frequency of occurrence of null values:
• 0: No null will be returned.
• 1: Will only return null.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be null.

Return value:

Return value type is symbol.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_symbol('ABC','def', '123')
2. FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 'ABC', '123', 'def', '123', 'ABC'

1. SELECT rnd_symbol(2, 3, 4, 0)
2. FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 'ABC', 'DEFG', 'ABC', 'DEFG', 'DEFG'

rnd_str

• rnd_str(stringList) is used to choose a random string from a list defined by the user. It is useful when looking to generate specific strings from a finite list (e.g BUY, SELL or AUTUMN, WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER. Strings are randomly chosen from the list with equal probability. When only one string is provided in the list, this string will be chosen with 100% probability.
• rnd_str(count, minLength, maxLength, null) generated a finite list of distinct random string and chooses one string from the list at random. The finite list is of size list_size. The generated strings length is between minLength and maxLength (both inclusive). The function will also generate null values at a a rate defined by nullRate.

Arguments:

• strList is a variable-length list of possible string values expressed as a comma-separated list of strings. For example, 'a', 'bcd', 'efg123', '行'
• list_size is the number of distinct string values to generated
• minLength is an int defining the minimum length for of a generated string (inclusive)
• maxLength is an int defining the maximum length for of a generated string (inclusive)
• nullRate is an int defining the frequency of occurrence of null values:
• 0: No null will be returned.
• 1: Will only return null.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be null.

Return value:

Return value type is string.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_str('ABC','def', '123')
2. FROM long_sequence(5);

1. 'ABC', '123', 'def', '123', 'ABC'

1. SELECT rnd_str(3, 2, 2, 4)
2. FROM long_sequence(8);

1. 'AB', 'CD', null, 'EF', 'CD', 'EF', null, 'AB'

rnd_bin

• rnd_bin() generates random binary data of a size up to 32 bytes.
• rnd_bin(minBytes, maxBytes, nullRate) generates random binary data of a size between minBytes and maxBytes and returns null at a rate defined by nullRate.

Arguments:

• minBytes is a long defining the minimum size in bytes for of a generated binary (inclusive)
• maxBytes is a long defining the maximum size in bytes for of a generated binary (inclusive)
• nullRate is an int defining the frequency of occurrence of null values:
• 0: No null will be returned.
• 1: Will only return null.
• N > 1: On average, one in N generated values will be null.

Return value:

Return value type is binary.

Examples:

1. SELECT rnd_bin() FROM long_sequence(5);
2. SELECT rnd_bin(2, 5, 2) FROM long_sequence(5);